Skin cancer develops when abnormal skin cells grow uncontrollably, often because of ultraviolet radiation exposure. The main types include basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma. Symptoms may involve changing moles, unusual growths, nonhealing sores, or persistent skin changes. Understanding risk factors, recognizing warning signs, and seeking timely medical evaluation can support early diagnosis.
Skin cancer occurs when cells in the skin develop abnormal changes and multiply uncontrollably. Exposure to ultraviolet radiation from sunlight and tanning devices is a major risk factor. Although skin cancer can affect anyone, individuals with a history of sunburn, extensive UV exposure, or previous skin cancer may have an increased risk.
The three main types are basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma. Each type differs in its appearance, growth patterns, and potential to spread to other parts of the body.
Basal cell carcinoma: This is the most common type of skin cancer. It may appear as a pearly bump, a pink growth, a flat scar-like patch, or a sore that repeatedly heals and returns. It usually grows slowly but can damage nearby tissues if untreated.
Squamous cell carcinoma: This cancer may appear as a firm red bump, a rough scaly patch, a wart-like growth, or a sore that does not heal. It can spread to other areas, particularly when treatment is delayed.
Melanoma: Melanoma develops from pigment-producing cells called melanocytes. It may appear as a new mole or a changing existing mole. Warning signs include asymmetry, irregular borders, multiple colors, increasing size, and changes over time.
Other warning signs: Persistent itching, bleeding, tenderness, or unusual skin changes should also be evaluated, especially when they do not resolve.
Diagnosis generally begins with a clinical examination of the skin. A healthcare professional may examine suspicious areas using a dermatoscope, a magnifying instrument that helps reveal skin structures. If cancer is suspected, a skin biopsy is usually performed to examine a tissue sample under a microscope.
Treatment depends on the cancer type, tumor size, location, stage, and whether it has spread. Medical professionals consider these factors when recommending an appropriate approach.
Surgical removal: Excision removes the cancer along with a margin of surrounding tissue. Mohs surgery may be used for selected cancers, particularly those in areas where preserving healthy tissue is important.
Curettage and electrodesiccation: This technique may be appropriate for selected low-risk, superficial basal or squamous cell cancers. It involves scraping away abnormal tissue and treating the area with an electrical instrument.
Radiation therapy: Radiation may be considered when surgery is unsuitable or when additional treatment is necessary.
Topical treatments and photodynamic therapy: Certain superficial skin cancers or precancerous lesions may be treated with prescribed creams or light-activated treatment, depending on the diagnosis.
Immunotherapy and targeted therapy: Advanced melanoma and some advanced skin cancers may be treated with medicines that stimulate immune responses or target specific cancer-related pathways. Chemotherapy may also be considered in selected circumstances.
Sun protection, including protective clothing, shade, and broad-spectrum sunscreen, can help reduce UV exposure. Regularly checking the skin for new or changing lesions may also help identify potential problems. Any suspicious or changing skin lesion should be assessed by a qualified healthcare professional rather than diagnosed through appearance alone.