The Roman Republic (509–27 BCE) was a representative government where elected officials, like consuls and senators, held power. Citizens had voting rights, though social class affected influence. Over time, power shifted to wealthy elites. Civil wars and internal strife led to the Republic’s fall. In 27 BCE, Augustus became the first emperor, marking the Roman Empire's beginning.

The Empire centralized authority in a single ruler, expanded territorial control, and enjoyed relative stability under the Pax Romana. The shift altered Rome’s political structure, society, and legacy.